{"id":471,"date":"2020-11-07T15:42:29","date_gmt":"2020-11-07T06:42:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/incu-alliance.co.jp\/english\/?page_id=471"},"modified":"2020-11-07T17:50:23","modified_gmt":"2020-11-07T08:50:23","slug":"details","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/incu-alliance.co.jp\/english\/grapheneflower\/details\/","title":{"rendered":"DETAILS"},"content":{"rendered":"
Examples of Biomedical Research Using Graphene and Graphene Oxide<\/div>\n

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\u3010A\u3011Examples of Antibacterial Research<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
No.<\/th>\nPlatform<\/th>\nBacteria Type<\/th>\nResult<\/th>\nLiterature<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
A-1<\/td>\nmonolayer graphene film on conductor Cu, semiconductor Ge and insulator SiO2<\/td>\nS. aureus and E. coli<\/td>\ngraphene films on Cu and Ge can surprisingly inhibit the growth of both bacteria, especially the former; not significantly inhibited by the graphene film on SiO2<\/td>\nLi, J.; Wang, G.; Zhu, H.; Zhang, M.; Zheng, X.; Di, Z.; Liu, X.; Wang, X. Antibacterial activity of large-area monolayer graphene film manipulated by charge transfer. Nature Scientific Reports 2014, 4: 4359<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
A-2<\/td>\ngraphene oxide (GO), reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanosheets<\/td>\nE. coli<\/td>\nBoth GO and rGO can effectively inhibit the growth of E. coli bacteria while showing minimal cytotoxicity.<\/td>\nHu, W. B.; Peng, C.; Luo, W. J.; Lv, M.; Li, X.; Li, D.; Huang, Q.; Fan, C. Graphene-based antibacterial paper. ACS Nano 2010, 4, 4317-4323<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
A-3<\/td>\ngraphite (Gt), graphite oxide (GtO), graphene oxide (GO), reduced graphene oxide (rGO)<\/td>\nE. coli<\/td>\nUnder similar concentration and incubation conditions, GO dispersion shows the highest antibacterial activity, sequentially followed by rGO, Gt, and GtO. Results suggest that antimicrobial actions are contributed by both membrane and oxidation stress.<\/td>\nLiu, S.; Zeng, T.H.; Hofmann, M.; Burcombe, E.; Wie, E.; Jiang, R.; Kong, R. and Chen, R.\u3000Antibacterial activity of graphite, graphite oxide, graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide: Membrane and oxidative stress. ACS Nano 2011, 5, 6971-6980<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
A-4<\/td>\ngraphene oxide (GO), reduced graphene oxide (rGO)<\/td>\nP. aeruginosa<\/td>\nGO and rGO showed dose-dependent antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa cells through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) , leading to cell death.<\/td>\nGurunathan, S.; Han, J.W.; Dayem, A.A.; Eppakayala, V. and Kim, H. Oxidative stress-mediated antibacterial activity of graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Int. J. Nanomed. 2012, 7, 5901-5914.<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
A-5<\/td>\ngraphene, graphene oxide (GO), reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanowalls<\/td>\nS. aureus and E. coli<\/td>\nreduced graphene oxide (rGO) showed higher toxicity for S. aureus than GO and graphene, but E. coli is more resistant due to the presence of outer membrane.<\/td>\nAkhavan, O. and Ghaderi, E. Toxicity of graphene and graphene oxide nanowalls against bacteria. ACS Nano., 2010, 4:5731-5736.<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n

\u3010B\u3011Examples of Antiviral Research<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
No.<\/th>\nPlatform<\/th>\nVirus type<\/th>\nResult<\/th>\nLiteraturte<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
B-1<\/td>\ngraphene oxide (GO)\u3001reduced graphene oxide (rGO)<\/td>\npseudorabies virus (PRV), porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV)<\/td>\nGO significantly suppressed PRV and PEDV infection and was shown to exhibit broad spectrum antiviral activity at non-cytotoxic concentrations (6 \u03bcg\/mL). The antiviral activity is time and concentration dependent.<\/td>\nYe, S.; Shao, K.; Li, Z.; Guo, N.; Zuo, Y.; Li, Q.; Lu, Z.; Chen, L.; He, Q. and Han, H. Antiviral Activity of Graphene Oxide: How Sharp Edged Structure and Charge Matter. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2015, 7, 38, 21571-21579<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
B-2<\/td>\ngaraphene oxide (GO), graphene oxide-Ag nanocomposites (GO-Ag)<\/td>\nfeline coronavirus (FCoV), infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV)<\/td>\nGo-Ag inhibited 25% of infection by FCoV and 23% by IBDV, whereas GO only inhibited 16% of infection by FCoV but showed no antiviral activity against the infection by IBDV.<\/td>\nChen, Y.N.; Hsueh, Y.H.; Hsieh, C.T.; Tzou, D.Y.; Chang, P.L. Antiviral Activity of Graphene Silver
\n Nanocomposites against Non-Enveloped and Enveloped Viruses. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2016, 13(4), 430<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
B-3<\/td>\nseven different carbon quantum dots (CQDs)<\/td>\nhuman coronavirus (HCoV-229E)<\/td>\nThree of the seven CQDs (CQD-3, -5, -6) have been shown to significantly interfere with HCoV-229E-Luc infection in a concentration-dependent manner.<\/td>\nA. oczechin, K. Seron, A. Barras, E. Giovanelli, S. Belouzard, Y. T. Chen, N. Metzler-Nolte, R. Boukherroub, J. Dubuisson and S. Szunerits, Functional Carbon Quantum Dots as Medical Countermeasures to Human Coronavirus. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2019, 11, 42964-42974.<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
B-4<\/td>\nsulfonated magnetic nanoparticles functionalized with reduced graphene oxide (SMRGO)<\/td>\nherpes simplex virus type 1\uff08HSV-1\uff09<\/td>\nSMRGO showed effective and rapid (~ 99.99%, 7 minutes) antiviral activity.<\/td>\nDeokar, A.R.; Nagvenkar, A.P.; Kalt, I; Shani, L.; Yeshurun, Y.; Gedanken, A.; Sarid, R. Graphene-Based “Hot Plate” for the Capture and Destruction of the Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1. Bioconjugate Chem. 2017, 28, 1115-1122<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
B-5<\/td>\n2,2′-(ethylenedioxy)bis(ethylamine) (EDA)-CDots and 3-ethoxypropylamine (EPA)-CDots,<\/td>\nhuman norovirus virus-like-particles (GI.1 and GII.4 VLPs)<\/td>\nboth EDA- and EPA- CDots were highly effective to inhibit both strains of VLPs’ bindings to histo-blood group antigens (HBGA) receptors on human cells at CDots concentration of
\n 5\u03bcg\/mL, with EDA-CDots achieving 100% inhibition and EPA CDots achieving 85-99% inhibition.<\/td>\n		Dong, X.; Moyer, M.M.; Yang, F.; Sun, Y.P.; Yang, L. Carbon Dots’ Antiviral Functions Against Noroviruses. Nature Scientific Reports 2017, 7: 519<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n

\u3010C\u3011Examples of Research on Biosensors<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
No.<\/th>\nSensing element<\/th>\nSensor type<\/th>\nSensor platform<\/th>\nLimit of detection\uff08\u03bcM\uff09<\/th>\nLinear range\uff08mM\uff09<\/th>\nReferences<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
C-1<\/td>\nglucose<\/td>\nelectrochemical<\/td>\nCuO-graphene<\/td>\n1<\/td>\n0.001\uff5e8<\/td>\nHsu, Y.-W.; Hsu, T.-K.; Sun, C.-L.; Nien, Y.-T.; Pu, N.-W.; Ger, M.-D. Synthesis of CuO\/graphene nanocomposites for nonenzymatic electrochemical glucose biosensor applications. Electrochim. Acta 2012, 82, 152-157.<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
C-2<\/td>\nNADH<\/td>\nphotoelectrochemical<\/td>\ngraphene-TiO2 nanohybrids<\/td>\n0.003<\/td>\n0.00001\uff5e2<\/td>\nWang, K.; Wu, J.; Liu, Q.; Jin, Y.; Yan, J.; Cai, J. Ultrasensitive photoelectrochemical sensing of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide based on graphene-TiO2 nanohybrids under visible irradiation. Anal. Chim. Acta 2012, 745, 131-136.<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
C-3<\/td>\nDNA<\/td>\nelectrochemical<\/td>\npolyaniline\/graphene<\/td>\n1 \u00d7 10-8<\/sup><\/td>\n1\u00d710-10<\/sup>\uff5e1\u00d710-3<\/sup><\/td>\nZheng, Q.; Wu, H.; Shen, Z.; Gao, W.; Yu, Y.; Ma, Y.; Guang, W.; Guo, Q.; Yan, R.; Wang, J.; Ding, K. An electrochemical DNA sensor based on polyaniline\/graphene: high sensitivity to DNA sequences in a wide range. Analyst 2015, 140 (19), 6660-6670.<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
C-4<\/td>\nH2O2<\/td>\nelectrochemical<\/td>\nhorseradish peroxidase-MoS2-graphene<\/td>\n0.049<\/td>\n0.0002\uff5e1.103<\/td>\nSong, H.; Ni, Y.; Kokot, S. Investigations of an electrochemical platform based on the layered MoS2 graphene and horseradish peroxidase nanocomposite for direct electrochemistry and electrocatalysis. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2014, 56, 137-143.<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
C-5<\/td>\ncancer cells<\/td>\nelectrochemical<\/td>\ngraphene-peptide nanotube-folic acid<\/td>\n250 cells\/mL<\/td>\n\u3000<\/td>\nCastillo, J. J.; Svendsen, W. E.; Rozlosnik, N.; Escobar, P.; Martinez, F.; Castillo-Leon, J. Detection of cancer cells using a peptide nanotube folic acid modified graphene electrode. Analyst 2013, 138 (4), 1026-1031.<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
C-6<\/td>\nimmunoglobulin-G<\/td>\nflourescence<\/td>\ngraphene- mouse antihuman immunoglobulin G (mIgG)-graphene quantum dots (GQDs)<\/td>\n10 ng\/mL<\/td>\n0.2\uff5e12 \u03bcg\/mL<\/td>\nZhao, H.; Chang, Y.; Liu, M.; Gao, S.; Yu, H.; Quan, X. A universal immunosensing strategy based on regulation of the interaction between graphene and graphene quantum dots. Chem. Commun. 2013, 49 (3), 234-236.<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
C-7<\/td>\ncarcinoembryonic
\n antigen<\/td>\n		FET (Field Effect Transistor)<\/td>\ngraphene-anti-CEA ( carcinoembryonic antigen)<\/td>\n100 pg\/mL<\/td>\n\u3000<\/td>\nZhou, L.; Mao, H.; Wu, C.; Tang, L.; Wu, Z.; Sun, H.; Zhang, H.; Zhou, H.; Jia, C.; Jin, Q.; et al. Label-free graphene biosensor targeting cancer molecules based on non-covalent modification. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2017, 87, 701-707.<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n

\u3010D\u3011Examples of Research on Tissue Engineering<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
No.<\/th>\nCell Type<\/th>\nCommitment toward tissue engeneering\/tissue regeneration<\/th>\nResults\/Uses<\/th>\nReferences<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
D-1<\/td>\nmesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)<\/td>\ncardiac<\/td>\ngraphene promotes cardiomyogenic differentiation without any cytotoxicity<\/td>\nPark, J.; Park, S.; Ryu, S.; Bhang, S. H.; Kim, J.; Yoon, J. K.;\u3000Park, Y. H.; Cho, S. P.; Lee, S.; Hong, B. H.; Kim, B.-S. GrapheneRegulated Cardiomyogenic Differentiation Process of Mesenchymal Stem Cells by Enhancing the Expression of Extracellular Matrix Proteins and Cell Signaling Molecules. Adv. Healthcare Mater. 2014, 3(2), 176-181.<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
D-2<\/td>\nhuman neural stem cells (HNSCs)<\/td>\nneuronal<\/td>\nenhanced stem cells differentiation into neurons<\/td>\nPark, S. Y.; Park, J.; Sim, S. H.; Sung, M. G.; Kim, K. S.; Hong, B. H.; Hong, S. Enhanced differentiation of human neural stem cells into neurons on graphene. Adv. Mater. 2011, 23 (36), H263.<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
D-3<\/td>\nmesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), osteoblast
\n cells<\/td>\n		bone tissue<\/td>\ngraphene induces osteoblast cell proliferation, on graphene coated substrates cells are adhered and proliferated better than SiO2 substrate<\/td>\nKalbacova, M.; Broz, A.; Kong, J.; Kalbac, M. Graphene substrates promote adherence of human osteoblasts and mesenchymal stromal cells. Carbon 2010, 48 (15), 4323-4329.<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
D-4<\/td>\nhuman neural stem cells (MSCs)<\/td>\nskin tissue<\/td>\ngraphene foam guided the wound healing process in a faster way with reduced scarring effect<\/td>\nLi, Z.; Wang, H.; Yang, B.; Sun, Y.; Huo, R. Three dimensional graphene foams loaded with bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells promote skin wound healing with reduced scarring. Mater. Sci. Eng., C 2015, 57, 181-188.<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n

\u3010E\u3011Examples of Research on Drug\/Gene Delivery System)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
No.<\/th>\nCarrier<\/th>\nDelivered drugs\/genes<\/th>\nResults\/Uses<\/th>\nReferences<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
E-1<\/td>\ngraphene-SiO2 quoted quantum dots
\n (HQDs) with Transferrin<\/td>\n		doxorubicin (DOX)<\/td>\nhybrid system efficiently delivers DOX to the targeted cancer cells; enables to monitor the intracellular DOX release<\/td>\nChen, M.-L.; He, Y.-J.; Chen, X.-W.; Wang, J.-H. Quantum dot-conjugated graphene as a probe for simultaneous cancer-targeted
\n fluorescent imaging, tracking, and monitoring drug delivery. Bioconjugate Chem. 2013, 24 (3), 387-397.<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
E-2<\/td>\nhyaluronic acid-functionalized graphene quantum dot conjugated
\n albumin nanoparticles<\/td>\n		gemcitabine (GMC)<\/td>\ntargeted delivery of GMC was observed with sustained release behavior, very good toxicity was showed by GMC loaded nanocarrier system toward pancreatic cancer cells<\/td>\nNigam, P.; Waghmode, S.; Louis, M.; Wangnoo, S.; Chavan, P.; Sarkar, D. Graphene quantum dots conjugated albumin nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery and imaging of pancreatic cancer. J. Mater. Chem. B 2014, 2 (21), 3190-3195.<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
E-3<\/td>\nPEGylated graphene\/Au composites<\/td>\nsiRNA<\/td>\ngene silencing (Bcl-2)<\/td>\nCheng, F.-F.; Chen, W.; Hu, L.-H.; Chen, G.; Miao, H.-T.; Li, C.; Zhu, J.-J. Highly dispersible PEGylated graphene\/Au composites
\n as gene delivery vector and potential cancer therapeutic agent. J. Mater. Chem. B 2013, 1 (38), 4956-4962.<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
E-4<\/td>\npolyethylenimine-functionalized graphene oxide<\/td>\npDNA<\/td>\nexpression of endogenous genes EGFP<\/td>\nChen, B.; Liu, M.; Zhang, L.; Huang, J.; Yao, J.; Zhang, Z. Polyethylenimine-functionalized graphene oxide as an efficient gene delivery vector. J. Mater. Chem. 2011, 21 (21), 7736-7741.<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
E-5<\/td>\nfolic acid conjugated nano graphene oxide<\/td>\ndoxorubicin (DOX), camptothecin (CPT)<\/td>\ntargeted delivery of DOX and CPT to MCF-7 cells with enhanced toxicity than single DOX or CPT<\/td>\nZhang, L.; Xia, J.; Zhao, Q.; Liu, L.; Zhang, Z. Functional graphene oxide as a nanocarrier for controlled loading and targeted delivery of mixed anticancer drugs. Small 2010, 6 (4), 537-544.<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n

\u3010F\u3011Examples of Research on Bioimaging<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
No.<\/th>\nPlatform<\/th>\nImaging Tool<\/th>\nUse<\/th>\nReferences<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
F-1<\/td>\ngraphene quantum dots(GQD)<\/td>\nFlourescence<\/td>\nImaging of neurospheres stem cells<\/td>\n\u00a0Zhang, M.; Bai, L.; Shang, W.; Xie, W.; Ma, H.; Fu, Y.; Fang, D.; Sun, H.; Fan, L.; Han, M.; et al. Facile synthesis of water-soluble,
\n highly fluorescent graphene quantum dots as a robust biological label for stem cells. J. Mater. Chem. 2012, 22 (15), 7461\u22127467.<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
F-2<\/td>\ngraphene quantum dots(GQD)<\/td>\nFlourescence<\/td>\nimaging of Hela229 cells<\/td>\n\u00a0Pan, D.; Guo, L.; Zhang, J.; Xi, C.; Xue, Q.; Huang, H.; Li, J.; Zhang, Z.; Yu, W.; Chen, Z.; et al. Cutting sp 2 clusters in graphene
\n sheets into colloidal graphene quantum dots with strong green fluorescence. J. Mater. Chem. 2012, 22 (8), 3314\u22123318.<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
F-3<\/td>\nmicrowave enabled low oxygen graphene nanosheets<\/td>\nPhotoacoustic<\/td>\nfabricated graphene nanosheets exhibited strong NIR absorption and high photoacoustic conversion efficiencies, which suggests its
\n applicability for deep tissue imaging<\/td>\n		\u00a0Patel, M. A.; Yang, H.; Chiu, P. L.; Mastrogiovanni, D. D.; Flach, C. R.; Savaram, K.; Gomez, L.; Hemnarine, A.; Mendelsohn, R.; Garfunkel, E.; et al. Direct production of graphene nanosheets for near infrared photoacoustic imaging. ACS Nano 2013, 7 (9), 8147\u22128157.<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
F-4<\/td>\ngraphene oxide decorated with gold nanoparticles<\/td>\nRaman<\/td>\nimaging of Hela cells<\/td>\n\u00a0Liu, Q.; Wei, L.; Wang, J.; Peng, F.; Luo, D.; Cui, R.; Niu, Y.; Qin, X.; Liu, Y.; Sun, H.; et al. Cell imaging by graphene oxide based
\n on surface enhanced Raman scattering. Nanoscale 2012, 4 (22), 7084\u22127089.<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
F-5<\/td>\npolyethylene glycol functionalized nano graphene oxide
\n conjugated with Rituxan<\/td>\n		NIR flourescence<\/td>\nCD20 positive Raji B-cells<\/td>\nSun, X.; Liu, Z.; Welsher, K.; Robinson, J. T.; Goodwin, A.; Zaric, S.; Dai, H. Nano-graphene oxide for cellular imaging and drug
\n delivery. Nano Res. 2008, 1 (3), 203\u2212212.<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Examples of Biomedical Research Using Graphene and Graphene Oxide \u3010A\u3011Examples of Antibacterial Research No. Pl […]","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":28,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-471","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/incu-alliance.co.jp\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/471","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/incu-alliance.co.jp\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/incu-alliance.co.jp\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/incu-alliance.co.jp\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/incu-alliance.co.jp\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=471"}],"version-history":[{"count":35,"href":"https:\/\/incu-alliance.co.jp\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/471\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":508,"href":"https:\/\/incu-alliance.co.jp\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/471\/revisions\/508"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/incu-alliance.co.jp\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/28"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/incu-alliance.co.jp\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=471"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}